Marshall Plan - Wikipedia. Marshall Plan. Other short titles. Long title. An Act to promote world peace and the general welfare, national interest, and foreign policy of the United States through economic, financial, and other measures necessary to the maintenance of conditions abroad in which free institutions may survive and consistent with the maintenance of the strength and stability of the United States. Enacted bythe 8. 0th United States Congress. Effective. June 3, 1. Citations. Public law. Your Health Care TeamStatutes at Large. Stat. 1. 37. Legislative history. Introduced in the Senateas S. Passed the Senate on March 1. Passed the House on March 3. Reported by the joint conference committee on April 1, 1. House on April 2, 1. Senate on April 2, 1. WebMD experts and contributors provide answers to your health questions. Blood Glucose Testing The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion. Signed into law by President Harry S. Truman on April 3, 1. The labelling used on aid packages created and sent under the Marshall Plan. Marshall, pictured here as a general of the US Army, before he became the US Secretary of State. It was during his term that he planned, campaigned for and carried out the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $1. The plan was in operation for four years beginning April 8, 1. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war- devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous once more, and prevent the spread of communism. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capita was also directed towards the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral. The largest recipient of Marshall Plan money was the United Kingdom (receiving about 2. France (1. 8%) and West Germany (1. Some 1. 8 European countries received Plan benefits. The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not called . The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress and the Democrats controlled the White House with Harry S. The Plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Kennan, with help from the Brookings Institution, as requested by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In order to combat the effects of the Marshall Plan, the USSR developed its own economic plan, known as the Molotov Plan. It was not as effective as the Marshall Plan, and in some ways contradictory to eastern block countries that served alongside the axis powers in WWII. It offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and its allies, but they refused to accept it. Secretary Marshall became convinced Stalin had no interest in helping restore economic health in Western Europe. During the four years the plan was in effect, the United States donated $1. European countries that joined the Organisation for European Economic Co- operation. The $1. 3 billion was in the context of a US GDP of $2. American aid to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Plan that is counted separately from the Marshall Plan. The plan looked to the future, and did not focus on the destruction caused by the war. Much more important were efforts to modernize European industrial and business practices using high- efficiency American models, reducing artificial trade barriers, and instilling a sense of hope and self- reliance. A common American interpretation of the program's role in European recovery was expressed by Paul Hoffman, head of the Economic Cooperation Administration, in 1. Congress Marshall aid had provided the . Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities, and industrial facilities were especially hard- hit. Food shortages were severe, especially in the harsh winter of 1. From July 1. 94. 5 through June 1. United States shipped 1. Europe and Japan. It amounted to one- sixth of the American food supply, and provided 3. Although most small towns and villages had not suffered as much damage, the destruction of transportation left them economically isolated. None of these problems could be easily remedied, as most nations engaged in the war had exhausted their treasuries in the process. They were much more prosperous than before the war but exports were a small factor in their economy. Much of the Marshall Plan aid would be used by the Europeans to buy manufactured goods and raw materials from the United States and Canada. In 1. 94. 7 the European economies were still well below their pre- war levels and were showing few signs of growth. Agricultural production was 8. How to Follow a 1500 Calorie Diet. Do you need to lose weight for fitness or health reasons? The key to losing weight is diet and exercise. While you may have the. Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation Operating the first nuclear power plant in Kansas. Nearly 30 million battle diabetes and every 23 seconds someone new is diagnosed. Diabetes causes more deaths a year than breast cancer and AIDS combined. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and. In the West, bombing had destroyed 5,0. The drop in food production can be attributed to a drought that killed a major portion of the wheat crop while a severe winter destroyed the majority of the wheat crop the following year. This caused most Europeans to rely on a 1,5. Industrial production fell more than half and reached pre- war levels only at the end of 1. The currency reform in 1. Germany to restore stability by encouraging production. The reform revalued old currency and deposits and introduced new currency. Taxes were also reduced and Germany prepared to remove economic barriers. The emerging doctrine of containment (as opposed to rollback) argued that the United States needed to substantially aid non- communist countries to stop the spread of Soviet influence. There was also some hope that the Eastern Bloc nations would join the plan, and thus be pulled out of the emerging Soviet bloc, but that did not happen. The sign says: We want coal, we want bread. In January 1. 94. Truman appointed retired General George Marshall as Secretary of State. In July 1. 94. 7 Marshall scrapped Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1. Morgenthau Plan under the personal supervision of Roosevelt's treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr., which had decreed . Also in March 1. 94. US President Herbert Hoover, in one of his reports from Germany, argued for a change in US occupation policy, amongst other things stating: There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a 'pastoral state' (Morgenthau's vision). It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 2. The productivity of Europe cannot be restored without the restoration of Germany as a contributor to that productivity. Over $1. 4 billion was spent or loaned during the postwar period through the end of 1. Marshall Plan. Much of this aid was designed to restore infrastructure and help refugees. Britain, for example, received an emergency loan of $3. These efforts had important effects, but they lacked any central organization and planning, and failed to meet many of Europe's more fundamental needs. UNRRA provided billions of dollars of rehabilitation aid, and helped about 8 million refugees. It ceased operation of displaced persons camps in Europe in 1. UN agencies. Soviet negotiations. Marshall gave the address to the graduating class of Harvard University on June 5, 1. Standing on the steps of Memorial Church in Harvard Yard, he offered American aid to promote European recovery and reconstruction. The speech described the dysfunction of the European economy and presented a rationale for US aid. The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of products is based is in danger of breaking down. Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is not directed against any country, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Any government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co- operation on the part of the USA. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist. Marshall was convinced that economic stability would provide political stability in Europe. He offered aid, but the European countries had to organize the program themselves. The speech, written by Charles Bohlen, contained virtually no details and no numbers. More a proposal than a plan, it was a challenge to European leaders to cooperate and coordinate. It asked Europeans to create their own plan for rebuilding Europe, indicating the United States would then fund this plan. The administration felt that the plan would likely be unpopular among many Americans, and the speech was mainly directed at a European audience. In an attempt to keep the speech out of American papers, journalists were not contacted, and on the same day, Truman called a press conference to take away headlines. In contrast, Dean Acheson, an Under Secretary of State, was dispatched to contact the European media, especially the British media, and the speech was read in its entirety on the BBC. The two agreed that it would be necessary to invite the Soviets as the other major allied power. Marshall's speech had explicitly included an invitation to the Soviets, feeling that excluding them would have been a sign of distrust. State Department officials, however, knew that Stalin would almost certainly not participate, and that any plan that would send large amounts of aid to the Soviets was unlikely to be approved by Congress. Initial reactions. Every country of Europe was invited, with the exceptions of Spain (a World War II neutral that had sympathized with Axis powers) and the small states of Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, and Liechtenstein. The Soviet Union was invited with the understanding that it would likely refuse. Ways to Diet Properly. Follow dietary guidelines. The USDA has dietary recommendations to help ensure you get the proper amount of nutrients from your meals and eat a balanced diet. This means you are getting the proper amount of servings from each of the food groups without eating too much from any one group. You also want to vary the foods you eat in each group — don't only eat apples and no other fruits, for instance. Other key recommendations include: make less than 1. These are as follows. Eat nine servings of fruit and vegetables daily. One serving of fruit is equivalent to about 1 cup of chopped fruit or one small piece of fruit. One serving of vegetables is equivalent to 2 cups of loose, leafy greens, or about 1 cup of cut veggies. Eat six servings of grains per day and make at least half of those grains whole grain. One serving of grains is equivalent to one slice of bread or 1/2 cup of cooked rice or pasta. Eat two to three servings of dairy per day, but try to make it low- fat dairy. Eat two to three servings of proteins daily. One serving of meat is 3 oz., or about the size of an adult's palm. One serving is also equal to one large egg, 1 tablespoon of peanut butter, 1 ounce of walnuts, and 1/4 cup of beans. Try to . Different colored foods mean you are getting different nutrients and vitamins. Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation. Wolf Creek has been safely providing clean, reliable energy to the citizens of Kansas and Missouri since 1. The plant generates about 1,2.
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